1) There is no absolute count of traits. Only KittyCats itself with their master database would know how many of each traits - and also Collection cats - exist. Having said that, new traits are rare because they haven't spread across the grid yet through breeding and sales. Old collector cats are sometimes very rare. You can look at Torgon's web listing for cats to see the prevalence of any given trait For Sale right now, but that does not include the multitude of boxes that breeders have stashed away in their catteries. Still, Torgon's can give a functional sort of snapshot of what is out there and available on the grid.
2) Traits are traits. If you click the "Our Cats" tab on this website, up in the left hand corner, you can see a listing of all the traits that exist. Some were/are limited edition and are no longer in starter cats, but that doesn't mean those traits are gone, and they are still breedable from boxes that carry those genetics. The traits have a strict dominance /recessiveness rating which we keep track of in order to facilitate breeding for those traits. That can be found
here.
The Kitty Addicts group chat is an excellent group, full of breeders who know what they are doing who can answer specific questions about breeding and cats.